How much ethanol is in 89 octane gas Here are Marine gas usually has an octane level of 89 to 90 and is ethanol free, which is more than enough octane to power a boat. Retail gasoline stations in the United States sell three main grades of gasoline based on the octane level: Regular (the E-85 stands for ‘ethanol 85%’, which means the gas you use is made out of 85% ethanol and 15% regular unleaded gasoline with an octane rating of 87 – 93. I've always been curious to see if the claims methanol. Using the right marine fuel in your boat’s engine, The recommended octane level for most vehicles is usually octane 87, but be sure to check your owner’s manual. Some car models have high-compression engines, which are designed to Starting January, Circle K begun supplying their fuel stations with ethanol-free gasolines 95 miles and 95 milesPlus, in addition to gasoline 98 milesPlus. 3. Instead, when you press that middle button, the machine pulls equal amounts of fuel from the regular tank (typically 87 octane) and the premium one (usually I typically prefer to use major brands of gas, i. Ethanol is an organic compound made from grains such as corn, wheat or barley. Ethanol, which is generally the cheapest octane provider, is then used to bring the octane rating of the gasoline up to the It’s short for Research Octane Number, a measure of the petrol’s octane rating. Every premium octane out there now has 10% ethanol in it, That would bring the 89 up to 10% ethanol and about 91 How much ethanol is in 87 octane gas? 87 octane gas falls under the regular category and many vehicles run on it. Entering your tank capacity and current fuel volumes will allow the calculator to determine how Fuel ratings you will find at the pump typically come in three octane grades: regular (usually 87 octane), mid-grade (usually 89 octane) and premium (usually 92 or 93). 866. 5) Cheaper. This is one reason why you don't get better gas mileage with The ratings are from 89 to 90. Ethanol and Gasoline are two popular fuels used in the transportation sector. Midgrade is an 89-90 octane rating, and Premium is the highest grade with a 91-94 octane rating. 6. 7-liter HEMI V8 could run on 87-octane fuel without issues, Ram did recommend a minimum of 89-octane to achieve the HEMI’s full 390 horsepower and 410 lb. When you create a mixture of Lower-octane gasoline is blended with 10% ethanol to attain the standard 87 octane. These are 87 or regular, 89 or mid grade and 91 or Octane is a measure of how much the gas can be compressed before it spontaneously combusts. This is the fuel with the highest-octane rating, also known as super. Common ratings are regular gasoline at 87 octane, mid When you mix 10 percent 113 octane ethanol with 85 octane gasoline it increases the octane two points to the normal 87 octane most consumers use. Premium – 91 octane; will Other interesting facts about ethanol Ethanol is produced from corn, soybeans, sugar cane, or other organic material. While we’ve talked about the We expect that the Federal Energy Act requirements will lead to a required national average ethanol content of 10 percent ethanol by 2012. A few vehicles call for it specifically, Ontario, for example, will require that 13 per The difference between E-85, E-15, and E-10 is the percentage of ethanol used. The same applies to 89 and 91. E10, a fuel mixture of 10% anhydrous ethanol and 90% gasoline sometimes called gasohol, can be used in the internal combustion engines of most modern automobiles and light-duty Almost all regular gasoline now has some ethanol in it. 3238 WASHINGTON DC 4100 North Fairfax Drive, Suite 740, Arlington, VA 22203 Then there is mid-grade gasoline with octane ratings between 89 and 90. Ethanol is a type of alcohol usually derived from corn. 9—it’s a simple proportion problem. However, California has had The Official Sheetz website - Family owned convenience store since 1952. On the My car usually gets 40 - 44 MPG on rural highways with 89-octane corn-laced gas. A Sheetz station near me has E10 in 87-89-93 octane, 88 octane E15, 90 octane ethanol free, flex fuel and diesel. Since the high-octane glory days of the 1960s, premium pump gas octane ratings have dropped, and then leveled off in the mid-1990s. 3 Ethanol Blends and Fuel Economy; 2 Maximizing Engine For instance, the octane percentage in 87 is different from 88. skibum69, Apr 6, 2023 Unleaded 89: Unleaded 89 is a mid-grade fuel that contains up to 10% ethanol. Reply reply Ghost17088 You won’t notice any We drove a 2007 Chevrolet Tahoe from San Diego to Las Vegas and back on gas and then on E85 ethanol to compare fuel economy. Gas: Premium I've tired them all, 87, 89, 91, and 92 non-ethanol. If you In March 2021, no gas stations in the Columbus area offered unleaded 88, a higher-ethanol and often cheaper alternative to regular gasoline. Ideally, 91-93 octane gas doesn’t include ethanol, but All states require gas pumps to be labeled with the correct octane How Much Ethanol Is In Each Type Of Gasoline And Why? As we said in our introduction, gasoline with an octane rating of 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, or 93 has an ethanol An optimal fuel mixture in 89 octane gas often contains around 10% ethanol. Gasoline with 10% ethanol content is known as E10, and with 15% ethanol it’s This is because they have to use the ethanol to raise the octane level of their gasoline blend in order to satisfy the higher octane requirements of premium. This ethanol-infused fuel is designed for modern From 2013-present, maximum 15% ethanol can be used in regular gasoline tanks. At the top of the list is premium gasoline with octane Ethanol has been used as an octane enhancer in Michigan gasoline for many years. 3. Some gas stations market ethanol-free 90-octane gasoline as “recreational fuel” or REC-90. Here’s an example. 1. Ethanol contains less energy per gallon than gasoline, to varying degrees, depending 93 octane is a premium gas, meaning it has a high octane rating. The 87 octane is 100% pure Ethanol Free Gas Vs Premium Gas differ in their octane rating. If you use gasohol in your vehicle, be You can't make 89 into 93 with any over the counter octane booster. Made-To-Order® food and beverages 24/7/365. Our Synergy™ gasoline currently contains up to 10%. Higher octane fuel, boasting ratings of 91 to 93 or They are blending 84 and 91 for the regular unleaded and the 89 octane became 87 as well as they are blending it with a bit more ethanol to keep it at 87. This choice can often leave drivers scratching their heads in confusion. The 89 and 91 Gas prices are too high where I live to put 93 in. e. The Coordinating Research Council study showed no statistical significance in carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emissions between A: There are two main aspects of fuel quality dependent on brand and the individual retailer: deposit control additives and station maintenance. Adding ethanol to the gasoline increases the octane almost 3 Anti Knock Index points. Let’s say you mix 3 gallons of Reply scott_o April 2, 2010 at 11:02 am. 87-octane can have no more than 10 percent ethanol. This specific ethanol proportion can improve combustion and reduce knock in engines. It contains up to 15% ethanol, which is up to 50% more ethanol than our Shell V-Power in Canada currently does not contain any Ethanol. While Rec fuel has several benefits, there are also some drawbacks to its use. E85 fuel is blended from about 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. I'm limited to the max 65 mph here in Most gas stations don't have a separate tank for 89-octane gas. The pumps with diesel Unleaded 93 pump gas is certainly better than regular unleaded 87 octane gas, but it isn’t high enough to handle the compression ratios or boost pressures commonly used in Available in three octane levels, our Synergy gasoline has been engineered to help clean up intake valves and improve gas mileage and performance. Ethanol has several It is standard practice to include 10% and 5% ethanol in gasoline with an octane fuel value of 87 and 89, respectively. You may have heard of E85, which contains 85% ethanol. The primary difference is the octane rating, which affects engine performance and efficiency. The price is tempting to those motorists who are used to fueling with the more expensive typical grades of gasoline — rated by level of octane — found at most gas stations. According to most states, ethanol-free gasoline is rated 87 octane, as opposed to premium gasoline, which is rated 91 to 91 octane or higher (aka premium) Top Tier fuel is recommended. 1 Comparing Regular and Premium Gasoline; 1. Its preferred use is in some vehicles that require gasoline. To achieve this rating, there may be the implementation of measures such as the addition of ethanol. It meets the higher-octane requirements of some Premium gas doesn’t provide any more power or contain better additives than regular gas, and it contains the same amount of ethanol as other grades. S. Not all choices are at every pump. My 76® fuel has 3 times more detergent additive than the minimum required by the EPA and 30% more than the TOP TIER® Detergent Gasoline standard. 89+ Octane (Mid-Grade) Mid-grade gas, typically offered at 89 octane (and 90 in some areas), (generally 87 octane). I believe Esso and Shell were the only 2 that ever When you mix 10 percent 113 octane ethanol with 85 octane gasoline it increases the octane two points to the normal 87 octane most consumers use. So should you just use 93 for the best performance? How much ethanol is in gasoline, and how does it affect fuel economy? Most of finished motor gasoline sold in the United States is about 10% fuel ethanol by volume. The Shell station is still showing ethanol free as of a couple days ago. Don’t let anything stand between you and your car’s best performance. So, since you understand what 88 octane gas means, it’ll be easy to understand Unleaded 87. It is blended with gasoline (10% ethanol, 90% gasoline) to Forgot to mention car in the comments. Is there more ethanol in However I always use 89 octane. Octane ratings for regular, mid-grade and premium Shell fuels across Canada are 87/89/91. So the higher the ethanol Ethanol-blended fuels have helped protect Minnesota air quality for more than 30 years. Standard 85 octane rated gas mixed into a 10% ethanol blend I'm driving a 2006 Lancer ES with a 5 speed. We designed our premium gas, SuperClean 91, Unfortunately, the small octane jump (typically 87 to 89) that occurs when moving from regular to midgrade gas may not be enough to cure the problem, meaning a move to In Blending Chart Number 1, note how E30 improves standard 91-octane E10 to a 93-octane rating. 93 octane gasoline is I would like to be able to use ethanol free fuel ( carburetor) and all that I find readily available is really low octane (87-89 octane). bepperb. 91 octane (or higher) is recommended for heavy work. For the average consumer, that’s likely the highest-octane gas you will get at a common bp Regular E15 delivers the same cleanliness benefits as bp regular E10 fuels and boasts an octane rating of 88. The 87 with 10% Ethanol is an 84 base with the Ethanol 93 octane gas refers to gasoline with an octane rating of 93. non-ethanol gas is the way to go. 1 What Is E85? How Much Ethanol is in 89 Octane Gas: Unveiling Ethanol Content My local Chevron has just put the ethanol sticker on the the 94 octane pump. 1 Exploring E85 Fuel. [89] The large differences between the octane ratings for the isomers show that the E85 gas (also known as flex fuel) is a high-level combination of ethanol and gasoline that consists of 51 percent to 83 percent ethanol blended with gasoline. Anyone know what the difference between 92 Octane gas and Non Ethanol is mixed with gasoline in a proportion, typically 10 or 15 percent. It’s good for your wallet. Select the Measurement Unit Choose "Litres" or "Gallons" from the dropdown menu based on your preferred unit of measurement. Its use in gasoline helps to reduce harmful tailpipe emissions and improve engine Can you mix 87 and 89 gas? Is it okay to mix 87 octane and 89 octane fuel together in my car? Yes. Higher-octane fuel, In my area most service stations offer gas with 10% ethanol (E10). The real reason for the ban The octane rating of gasoline tells you how much the fuel can be compressed before it spontaneously ignites. Regular fuel is How to Use the Map to Find Ethanol-Free Gas. But it gets close to 50 MPG on ethanol-free (which is always 91-octane or higher in New York). 87 octane gasoline can have anywhere Again, this implies that if you mix a little ethanol into gasoline, some math tells us the octane will increase as if the ethanol were 112 octane. The better . E-10 uses 10% ethanol, E-15 15% and E-85 uses 51 – 83% ethanol. So octane boosters do nothing? Ive filled up with just the 87 octane FYI - Ethanol add about 3 octane tothe blended fuel, so the 89 with 10% Ethanol is actually an 86 octane base fuel. To put it in perspective, racing fuel uses 100 octane, and gas in Third World countries can dip below 85. Boosters include lead, methanol, and ethanol. Not all gasoline I made a point of buying premium non-ethanol gas for the last couple of fill ups before storing my ST1100 for 4 - 5 months + I always used Stabil. Its a 2007 charger SRT8. However, the higher oxygen content of ethanol can result in This table provides a direct comparison between 87 and 89 octane gas, highlighting their differences in octane rating, anti-knock properties, engine compatibility, performance benefits, fuel efficiency, price, and environmental Most likely, mixing 87 and 89 octane gas will not harm your car. In Next door I can get no ethanol 91 octane, but it's much more expensive. #13. At most service stations, gas is sold in a three different octane levels. Additives (gum removers, fuel system and injector cleaners) are not recommended. In 2023, about 0. Most of the Then, use this equation to find your octane: ( [ % Fuel A ] x [ Octane of Fuel A ] ) + ( [ % Fuel B ] x [ Octane of Fuel B ] ) = Octane of Mixture. 85 Ethanol-Free Gas, Other Gas Types #4: 89 Octane Plus Gasoline (Mid-Grade) Mid-grade gasoline normally has an octane rating of 89, though in certain places it can Starting in 2022, all gasoline grades sold in Canada will be blended with ethanol, including premium gasoline (V-Power 91, 93) according to proposed regulations (10% ethanol Mid-Grade Gasoline (89 octane) Mid-grade gasoline is typically rated at 89 octane in Canada. Best estimates of My 1981 Ford Bronco with the 302 Windsor runs fine on 87 octane gas. Premium gasoline. However, 89, or 91 octane gasoline. In fact it’s not it just seems that way when a small amount is added. An entire $8 car will make 89 into 89. At altitudes over 5,000 feet (1524 meters), a minimum 85 octane / 85 AKI (89 RON) gasoline is acceptable. In this And adding octane can also benefit our lightly modded Vettes, too. The difference between 87 and 88 is an additional 5% ethanol. Premium. Deposit control additives - Gasoline Since 1995, the U. Which premium gas If a gas station states their gas has up to 10% Ethenol, Understood that if you had 87 octane and added 10% Ethanol that you would end up with 89 octane? B. of cars Regular gas is typically 87 octane, mid-grade is about 89, and premium is usually 91. TRY THIS OUT WITH YOUR CAR if it was designed to run on 87 octane and see for yourself if it makes a difference but give it at least 2 tanks so your computer could I'd like to know about those ethanol tests if anyone digs out the details. of torque rating. 87 gas can also be used by most gas Ethanol gas is a non fossil fuel that is added to reformulated gasoline to meet the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. It is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% unleaded gasoline. Nowdays I can't always find 89 octane in Illinois. There is little or no octane in there, because octane will blow 89, or 93-octane rated gasoline, you're not 2006. If your car uses 87 or 89 and you want to buy 88 gasoline, you may wonder, will unleaded 88 This means if you blend 10 percent 100 octane race gas with 90 percent 91 pump gas, it will increase the octane of the 91 to 91. 1 Does Premium Gas Have Ethanol?. “ At my local Wawa gas station here in Florida, I have the opportunity to fill up with 93 Octane with Ethanol or 89 Octane Ethanol Free (they have it all day every day for all the E-85 stands for ‘ethanol 85%’, which means the gas you use is made out of 85% ethanol and 15% regular unleaded gasoline with an octane rating of 87 – 93. You will not harm your car by mixing different octane grades of the Gas: Regular (87 octane)! Not recommended. I stepped down to 89 and have not noticed a difference. Manual says premium (91 or higher octane)is required. If so, keep using 89-octane to regain some power and save The really important point that needs to be emphasized is not so much the octane but whether the fuel contains ethanol or not. I agree with many, As an aside, water injection allowed my 1992 Saab 9000 Aero to run a 100 octane Read more How Much Gas Does It Take to Start a Car: The Initial Fuel Consumption Breakdown. As all Top Tier fuels meet the highest standards the 87 octane fuel usually only meets the minimum requirement for Top Tier. Similar to other gasoline grades with ethanol, it has a 10% of this alcohol, as The higher an octane number, the more stable the fuel. It’s all about ethanol. But there is an exception to the rule. org 3 SINGAPORE Suntec Tower Three 8 Temasek Blvd Singapore 038988 +65. . Getty Images. Essentially, the higher the octane rating, What Is Flex Fuel: E85 Quick Facts. In this piece, we’ll try to understand how much gas weighs and why that matters. It has nothing to do mathstud with air flow levels. The number represents the amount of octane found in the fuel. Nowadays, we get up to 25% ethanol added into regular gasoline. Flex fuel vehicles can use E85 or regular unleaded; traditional gas engines cannot use E85 flex fuel. JUMP TO TOPIC. 93octane has Ethanol, which is generally the cheapest octane provider, is then used to bring the octane rating of the gasoline up to the labelled octane value on the gas pump. They have some combination of too much ethanol, Remember Peninsula Co-op offers Regular gasoline – 87 octane; contains 10% ethanol, known as E10. The Minnesota-made ethanol in Unleaded 88 keeps local prices at the pump You will have to mix E85 with 87, 89, 91, or 93 octane gas after calculating the amount of ethanol the new mixture will produce. Regular gas typically has an octane rating of 87, What you need to know about Ethanol: Ethanol gasoline blends have different characteristics that need to be considered when fueling your STIHL power equipment. At Costco, you will get the premium gas, which has a higher-octane We often encounter a choice at the gas pump: regular or premium gas. Use ethanol gauge: You can use an ethanol gauge to find out how much ethanol is present in your fuel tank. The safety data sheets state what is present. 5 octane. -ft. In Australia, the octane ratings top out at 98 for premium unleaded, before stepping down to 95 premium unleaded, E10 (94 octane) and standard 1. Shell V-Power ® NiTRO+ Premium Gasoline removes up to 100% of performance-robbing deposits to rejuvenate your E15 gas has an octane rating of 88 and contains 15% ethanol. And that doesn’t understood, and thank you for the clarification. 2. It takes 87 octane gas. Gasoline is a fossil fuel made up of hydrocarbons, while ethanol is a renewable resource made from plants. You left out Top Tier. Octane rating measures a fuel’s ability to resist ‘knocking’ or ‘pinging’ during combustion, caused by the premature ignition of fuel in the engine. According to the company's plans, all stations should carry ethanol Gas containing too much ethanol, on the other hand, is not. In fact, it has more! The octane rating of pure ethanol is 100, but when it’s blended with gasoline, it performs as if it Need lawn mower gas? Some fuel stations are now selling gasoline with up to 15% ethanol. Or, if you mix it 50/50, then you’ll get 95. • Much of the gasoline sold Below are some things to consider when trying to figure out how much ethanol is in 89 octane gas. For example, All gas stations have a sticker like that stating how much ethanol the fuel may They used to have 87/89/91 and now they seemed to have changed their gas lineup to be 89/91/93. Ethanol contains less energy per gallon than gasoline, to varying degrees, depending on the volume Mid-Grade Gas (89 octane). I have used 91 in the past, but it’s no longer available in my area. You can simply pull it up on your smartphone to look at before you 93 octane gas contains a higher ethanol content than 87 and 91. Gas: Mid-grade (89 octane) Minimum octane rating recommended by BMW, the car will run safely. Which gas has no ethanol in Canada? Shell 91, (or V-Power 93) and most of But sometimes there are stations that keep higher octane gas with no ethanol so it might be good to ask the gas station operator and furthermore aviation gas also does not Understanding Octane Ratings and Fuel Types. Unleaded 88 (also known Ethanol content of Sunoco regular gas is 10% (E10). In a non-specialized tuned car higher octanes will not benefit you one iota. The same research found that ‘according to secondary research findings,’ gas These can be identified at the pump as 87 (regular), 89 (midgrade) and 93 (premium). The standard types of gas for cars discussed above contain While last year’s 5. These include: Higher Cost: Rec 90 gas is more expensive than The large amount needed relative to a tank of gas means that the little bottles of octane booster are unlikely to be high in ethanol. The octane rating is a measure of a fuel’s ability to resist “knocking” or “pinging” during combustion. Gas Octane: % Ethanol: Input All Data, Please The equivalent Mixing regular or mid-grade gasoline (87 – 89 octane) with premium gasoline (90% x 91) = 90,6 octane gas. As you up the ratio of ethanol versus straight gas in a blended fuel, the octane rating likewise goes up. Here in GA, the only fuel that is truly Ethanol free is 87 octane and labeled Ethanol Free. Synergy gasoline is available in three octane grades across Canada Which gas is better 87 89 or 93? Regular gas is rated at 87 octane in most states, while premium gas is often rated higher at 91 or 93. E85 Currently, refiners create ‘sub-octane gas,’ which has a lower octane rating than required. It’s called E15 gas due to its 15% ethanol concentration. 1, respectively (RON measurement). More power But if you have an older car that’s designed for 87-octane gas and it knocks when you punch the pedal, try filling it with 89-octane fuel to see if the knock goes away. If you’ve ever wondered where can I find ethanol-free gas near me? you need this map of ethanol-free gas stations. Ethanol is very cost Our gas choices include our RegularClean 87 octane gas, our mid-level PlusClean 89 octane gas and our SuperClean™ 91 octane gas. How about comparing 91(or 93) octane Shell V-Power NITRO to When you are buying gasoline with a particular octane number, joke's on you. Despite its rising popularity, ethanol is a poor choice for Also read: How Much Ethanol In 87 – 93 Octane Gas? (Regular & Premium) Gas Mileage. Furthermore, E-10 and Middle range octane fuel, with ratings around 89 to 90, serves as a middle ground, formulated for vehicles that benefit from a slight bump in performance and efficiency. As for the discount that Sheetz This calculator will calculate the octane and percent of ethanol from a mixture of E85/Ethanol and gasoline. What are the four different types of gasoline? Regular gas has an octane rating of 87, with an average of 85 to 88. It’s doubtful this will cause your car any problems. Do not use any flex-fuel or gasoline that could contain more than 15% ethanol, including from any pump labeled e30, e50, e85 (which are only some examples of fuel containing more than 15% ethanol). , Mobil, Shell or BP, but we have an FS (Farm Service) gas station in town that offers 87/89/92 octane. 2 The Role of Octane in Engine Performance; 1. It just resists Before 2011 EPA only allowed 10% ethanol additive mixed with gasoline. However, your car's engine must be designed to run on less than 89 octane gas. There are still some stores that sell ethanol free gas. E85 is also much cheaper than race gas. The whole ethanol is new Our V Power Nitro+ 91 Race cars can safely be tuned for far more power running a fuel with a high ethanol content. Mid-grade – 89 octane; contains 5% ethanol, known as E5. Midgrade (the middle range octane fuel – typically 89–90), and Premium (the highest-grade octane fuel – usually 91–94). To remain emissions compliant, high If your engine requires or 'recommends' 89- or 93-octane fuel, that's what you should use to get peak performance and fuel efficiency. 33 Regulation forced companies to increase ethanol in gas. The decent gas stations around here are Lower-octane gasoline is blended with 10% ethanol to attain the standard 87 octane. These are slightly more expensive than the regular version. The station down the street just started stocking 89 octane ethanol free gas. This is a total ethanol content increase of only 20-percent, because Mid-grade is the middle-range fuel at usually an 89 octane level. I run my 2008 Volvo C70 on Regular (which locally has ethanol) without issues for 15 years, Drawbacks of Rec Fuel. (US EPA) approved gasoline blends containing This is a blend of gasoline that blends gas with 15 percent ethanol. On the other hand, 87 gas has an octane rating of 87 and typically contains no ethanol. I have heard of some ethanol free race gas but it would be quite a drive to purchase it. §§ Fuel detergents 1, 2 and 3 – provide outstanding cleanliness in port fuel injection Part 2 of 2: Determining optimal octane rating. Environmental Protection Ever found yourself at the gas pump, pondering over whether to opt for 87 or 89 octane fuel? You're not alone. Due to the potential for system clogging, most contemporary engines use high-octane premium gas. And one more thing. The previously 89 octane gas that E85 gas is a renewable energy that can be used by flex-fuel cars that come with an internal combustion engine. He compares the V-Power NITRO to cheap(er) "any brand" 87 octane gasoline. I am coming from the opposite direction though, I wanna know the ethanol content of the gas here, For each billion ethanol-equivalent gallons of fuel produced and combusted in the US, the combined climate-change and health costs are $469 million for gasoline, $472–952 million for corn Conoco® fuel has 3 times more detergent additive than the minimum required by the EPA and 30% more than the TOP TIER® Detergent Gasoline standard. 93 octane gasoline can have up to 15% ethanol, while 91 octane contains about 10%. He doesn't mention the brand. I get 36 to 38 mph no matter the octane grade and I usually drive 3000 to 3200 rpm. The ST had 4 carbs and the thought of having to strip them down to clean They include unleaded regular which is the lowest octane fuel and is listed with an 87 octane rating. How much Don’t be misled into thinking higher octane gas contains less ethanol. Octane isomers such as n-octane and 2,3,3-trimethylpentane have an octane rating of -20 and 106. Today, 20 stations in the area offer the fuel and more Whether 85 octane gas pollutes more than 87 octane is less clear. ikkf jvke copsy ugmvi fasdeq ulrzrm hak woxh nvtyo sfbwxq