My Ex Is Slandering Me, TL;DR: Ex friend is slandering me wherever she can.

My Ex Is Slandering Me, Life is full of annoying unavoidable things. Learn how verbal false statements can harm reputations and what legal actions may be taken. If What can be done about social media defamation by soon to be ex husband’s girlfriend? I’m going through a divorce and my ex quickly got with a new woman. I have recently discovered that my ex-partner's new wife has been in contact with my new husband's family and has told them alot of very private things about me, including untruths Combating slander and defamation on Facebook is challenging, but you have rights. This type of legal claim enables you to My ex is slandering my name on social media I'm so sorry about this situation! The law generally wouldn't give you a right to sue for these comments because there aren't financial damages yet, but In this article, an experienced family lawyer offers practical advice on navigating the impact of your ex discussing you and your divorce on social Husband's ex-wife is making false accusations against me. ” “I’m sad my Ex is lying about me. Customer: I have an ex-girlfriend who has posted my name and reputation on a website, slandering me and attempting to damage my life with numerous falsehoods because she couldn't win me back. Gossip and slander is hurtful no matter who it comes from, but it can be especially painful when coming from a friend or someone close to you. It has caused me Blatantly told me in the end she didn't want to work at this anymore as well, so ultimately her own inability to commit and take on the responsibility of the relationship doomed it. If someone is spreading false statements about you, here’s how to document the harm, demand a retraction, and take legal action. The Seeking Legal Counsel Whether you are considering suing for defamation, slander, or libel, or your ex has filed a suit against you, it is important If a former employer said something false that hurt your career, here’s what you’d need to prove to have a viable slander claim. Incidentally, in most states defamation lawsuits need to be initiated within one year of the statement, whether it was uttered (we call spoken defamation “slander”) or written (which we call My ex employer and I were having a Sexting relationship during the time I was working there I told his wife, and for the last five years he has been slandering. Can I Sue Someone for Slandering My Name? Pursuing a slander case requires more than just hurt feelings. Ex-GF Repeatedly Slandering Me Online, Affecting my Livelihood - Legal Options? I (38F) had a messy break up with my girlfriend (36F) around 4 months ago. I have never done any of the things he says. When this person First, if you are one of these people dealing with battle scars from a past relationship with a narcissist, let me say that I Case studies Is my ex-boss allowed to tarnish my reputation? When an employment relationship ends, things can turn nasty. Even vague references can carry a negative tone Customer: My ex wife has been harassing me and slandering me and defaming me for over a year, damaging my business and my relationship. I'm thinking about calling his psychiatrist buddy, confronting A: Yes. How can I stop my husbands ex-wife from slandering, harassing, and stalking me?? Last 11 years my husband's ex wife has manipulated their 3 children into hating him BC he married me. Since I emailed she has contacted my ex and his new fiance slandering me, sent me offensive text messages, emailed my daughter, sister, wrote horrible things all over my facebook of The friend hasn't told me what it is I allegedly did. How can I get him to stop messaging people In the United States, defamation can be classified into two categories: slander and libel. I live 10 Wondering if you can sue someone for slander? Explore the legal standards, how to prove a slander claim, and what you can recover if false statements have harmed your reputation. Others are interacting with it which adds How do you defend yourself against slander? If you're confident that you are indeed dealing with an instance of online defamation, there are several steps you can take to remedy the situation. I know that I can change a bigger circle What can I do to get my ex-wife to stop slandering me to family, friends, current and prospective employers? Attorney 1 : If someone is slandering you, you have grounds for a defamation claim What can I do if someone is slandering me? Call a Lawyer. Needless to say he was extremely wealthy, his parents gave him an absolutely ridiculous allowance What can I do if someone is slandering me? One option is filing a defamation lawsuit against them, where you would need to prove that their statements are untrue and caused damage towards your So how to deal with a vindictive ex who is out for revenge, and how can you handle a negative campaign against you? When your relationship me (20m) and my ex partner (25f) (15 month relationship) broke up like 2 weeks ago, it was mutual and we both realised we just weren't compatible and we need to work on ourselves. If you are being defamed, learn how to legally stop someone from spreading lies about you so that you can take back your reputation Social media platforms like X (formally Twitter), Facebook, Instagram, Reddit, YouTube, Discord, and Twitch are the new arenas for discussion, community, and yes, defamation and . For 5 years, she's tried Learn what constitutes slander, your legal rights, and whether you can take legal action. Can I sue her for defamation, slander, and/or pain and suffering? I have been accused by this lady of having an affair with her Title: An ex is slandering me online. This guide provides an overview of how to We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. It’s important to let your ex know that what they are doing is abusive, preferably in a way that lets you keep a record of your request either Tort Law How to Stop Someone From Slandering You Understand the line between opinion and slander and the strategic steps available for addressing false statements that have What to do when a former employee slanders you? Slander from an ex-employee can be extremely harmful because others might believe it to be true and treat you and your business accordingly. What legal recourse What can I do if my ex is slandering me on facebook? Ex is writing captions and reposting other posts with negative comments about me. By understanding the key legal concepts, gathering compelling I'm trying to ignore the crappy things he has said , considering my friends frequently tell me he "was the ugly one" but when they say crap like that I DEFEND him and say he was beautiful to me and I'm I have a d. A slander lawsuit allows you to obtain compensation when your reputation is damaged due to defamation. Even employees with clean disciplinary records and impeccable performance Learn more about social media defamation, libel, and slander, and discover the best practices for protecting yourself from this malicious activity. I need to If a former employer is slandering you, consider sending a letter demanding they stop, as per California law, which may resolve your issue. Customer: An ex of mine is publicly slandering my name and character online because they are upset. While you cannot stop your ex, you can do things to present your side of the story. Three weeks Customer: My ex-boyfriend has just slandered me on Facebook regarding my livelihood and defamation of character. I used to work with this woman in 2020. I'm trying to ignore the crappy things he has said , considering my friends frequently tell me he "was the ugly one" but when they say crap like that I DEFEND him and say he was beautiful to me and I'm Depends on how direct the slander is. What can you do if a former employer is slandering you? Sometimes sending a letter to the former employer asking him to stop pursuant to California law is enough to resolve your problem. What behaviour is sufficient to justify taking legal action? If your ex is bad-mouthing you on social media, certain behaviour may justify taking legal action, depending Can i sue my ex-boyfriend for slandering my name around town saying false statements about me? He has had someone hack my Facebook page seen messages of me talking to (Friends) We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. We “friend broke up” when they had started discouraging my growth. - Virginia Libel & Slander Questions & Answers - Justia Ask A Lawyer What can I do to get my ex-wife to stop slandering me to family, friends, current and prospective employers? Attorney 1 : If someone is slandering you, you have grounds for a defamation claim Social media defamation refers to a libelous or slanderous statement published on a social media platform. While every situation is different, several general relationship Gossip and slander is hurtful no matter who it comes from, but it can be especially painful when coming from a friend or someone close to you. Discover more answers Can I sue for defamation, slander? My ex boyfriend took nudes pictures of me without my consent ( I got him on recorder Someone just slandered me on facebook. Years ago i had issue with drugs. Have completed treatment (mind you 4 yrs Can I sue my ex-wife for slander? Me and my ex-wife have been divorced for 3 years now after a 12 year marriage. It impacted my relationship with family and friends stating I'm a I'm currently going through a divorce. I have been a legal expert on the site for If an ex attacks your reputation, it can be difficult to figure out what to do about it. v restraining order on my ex he is posting on his Facebook page negatively about me slandering my name is it violation of the restraining order? Should I make police report? Sorry to hear this mate, you can take some snapshots of the information and proof of his audience. Are there legal methods which I can take to stop this? I have text messages, emails, witnesses all documenting her mental Unfortunately, sometimes an ex-employee, particularly a disgruntled one, may say less than complimentary things about your business. ” Then, let it go. Is there any legal action I can take to stop this? I asked my current girlfriend to Learn what cyber libel and online defamation are, how to prove online libel or defamation, and how you can get compensated for any resulting damages. My A: In Alabama, if someone knowingly makes false statements about another person that injures their reputation, it might be grounds for a defamation lawsuit. Any advice? What to do when your ex is slandering you? Yes, your ex’s slanderous statements are hurtful, but they are distortions. She started hanging If your ex made false allegations against you, suing for defamation or related claims is possible — but the legal bar is high and the risks are real. I recently found out that she has been telling our kids lies and accusing me of things We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. His Understand what slander means in defamation law. She still is doing it. Conclusion If your former Hi, I recently broke up with an ex who was really toxic towards me ( end of jan) because of a multitude of reasons ( ldr, religious differences, too sexual, disrespectful, heavily immature, racist, etc) and hes Learn what is considered libel or slander on social media, how defamation laws apply to social networks, and how someone can sue for defamatory posts. So when he receives emails, We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. I wrongly assumed she would stop and get tired of slandering me but she didn't. Add “What people think about Original Post: I'll try to keep this as brief as I can, the story follows. Thanks for understanding. My (21F) former best friend (22NB) “D” has been making tiktoks, reddit, and tumblr posts about me (not name dropping thankfully). What can I do is someone is slandering my name to strangers about personal things causing extreme emotional distress? People that I don't even know are telling people I do know First, see the difference between Slander and Libel. depending on your country of residence this would fall under a few things, harassment and stalking In my 14 years of practicing defamation law, I’ve seen firsthand how vicious insults and harassment can shatter a person’s health, career, and quality of life. Protect your peace and foster healthier My ex is slandering my name and is blowing stuff out of proportion. I am in the initial stages of a civil suit against him for withholding over $10,000 worth of If a disgruntled former employee is leaving fake reviews, it's important to know how to respond. Expert Can I sue Facebook because my spouse published hurtful things about me? Internet service providers and social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, etc. Traffic lights, long lines, and worst of all, rude people. If you believe you have been a victim of slander, then you can file a defamation suit and get damages. This guide outlines practical, evidence-based steps you can take to protect yourself, respond effectively, and We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Ex wife has slander me. This type of ex doesn’t give you a heads up as to what is going through their minds because they have already decided. Tort Law What Can I Do If Someone Is Slandering Me on Facebook? Discover the distinction between a personal opinion and a defamatory statement and learn the methodical steps Customer: My ex-husband is messaging my friends, family & work colleagues alleging I had an affair (He has been sent messages from after we separated). If they're slandering me to third parties that I do care about, inform those parties that Can I take legal action against a former employee who is slandering my name and small company? An employee was terminated 2 weeks ago for insubornation. We have two sons (13 and 10) We had a very easy divorce, have 50/50 custody and still get together for birthdays and holidays. In this guide, we'll look at how to deal with an angry ex-employee, the problems they can cause and how to protect yourself to avoid the risk. If they're slandering me to third parties that I don't care about, then do nothing. But when does their What evidence do you need for slander? To prove prima facie defamation, a plaintiff must show four things: 1) a false statement purporting to be fact; 2) publication or communication of that statement to If your ex is part of one of your circles of friends, take this as an opportunity to explore new forms of entertainment and cultivate new friendships. A defamation cease and desist letter informs an offending party that legal action may be taken if they do not stop defaming you or remove the Discover the legal distinctions between a hurtful opinion and actionable slander. My ex-husband is slandering me all over the internet. From legal steps to online reputation repair, this guide explains how to regain control. And while I understand that those "friends" Of course, if your ex is sending you threatening messages or posting threats online, it’s imperative that you notify your attorney immediately. But at the same time I don't wanna make things even If a former employer lied about you in a reference, you may have a defamation claim -- but these cases can be tough to prove and win. If their statements are untrue, your ex could be committing libel or slander, both types of defamation. For slander, harassment (excessive in-objective contact?) She fails all the time to stay objective, she tries to push my husband around, when it doesn't work she turns the convo on to her, How can i make my ex-husband stop slandering me ? My ex-husband will do anything to make my life miserable. He or she can help you get a protective order in place and take My ex-girlfriend is slandering my name and telling people left and right via Facebook Messenger that I beat her. But I am able to put 2 and 2 together and realize that the ex girlfriend is telling her friends that I was disloyal and dishonest. But slander claims are complicated How can I stop my ex-boyfriend from stalking me, aggressively harassing me, slandering me, and cyber bullying me? How can I stop my ex-boyfriend from stalking me, aggressively harassing me, slandering me, and cyber bullying me? If your spouse is spreading lies about you, here’s how slander laws apply during divorce and what steps you can take to protect yourself. Slander refers to spoken false statements, while libel involves written false statements. Can I sue for defamation of character and bring in custody battle if my ex wife is slandering me to my kids? And it's not only to my kids it's to their teachers, day care provider and doctors. After finding out I was wanting to get involved with a guy he didn't approve of I came home from work From spreading lies about you to your relatives, friends, and acquaintances, to engaging in several tactics to make things as difficult as possible for you, your ex can become just as ominous Customer: I have an ex-girlfriend who consistently slanders my name in public, whether verbally, on Facebook, or through her blog. 11 common ways If someone’s false statements are hurting your reputation, here’s what it takes to prove slander and sue for damages successfully. Have you heard the expression “Consider the source”? Most people when hearing negative things about someone else, are very aware that the person spreading the negativity probably has an Agenda. We often get calls from employees who suspect their former Slander on social media can cause significant damage to an individual’s reputation. Learn the legal framework for defamation and the key factors that define a To succeed in a slander lawsuit, you must prove that the statements were false, that they caused harm to you, and that your former employer acted with malice. I An abusive ex continues to slander my name over a year later. They too thought she was being When someone posts false and damaging things about you on Facebook, here’s how to document it, get it removed, and pursue legal action. Here’s exactly what you should do in this situation. What should I do? i have spent the past 3 months crying and grieving and figuring out ways to heal and work on my faults in the relationship and doing good journal work to heal. This article focuses on what is classed as How do I stop my sociapathic ex from slandering my name by means of pure lies to other people - Answered by a verified Solicitor Have you ever been in a situation where someone is spreading negativity about you in an effort to harm your reputation? I have, and so has I have a former employee who has been making posts of slander against me on social media. I don't know what to do. Is there a way for me to sue? 3. Cease and desist letters are one way to request the offending party to stop the harmful When a former employer makes false and damaging statements about you, it can impact your professional reputation and future job prospects. There are some situations where you may need to confront the Discover effective strategies to handle an ex spreading lies about you. We share the same social bigger circle and I am afraid that her slandering will affect my future relationships. Learn how to respond honestly, gather evidence, and maintain emotional My Ex Girlfriend has been slandering me on this app as well as other social media Hello all, i’m not a frequent poster here, but I as of a month ago went through a breakup that i had reluctantly been My previous employer is slandering me, what do I do? I worked for my previous employer for four long terrible years. ” Your ex may have been a very important person in your life, but getting over them has a lot to do with the efforts FindLaw explains defamation, libel, and slander, detailing legal standards, defenses, and damages. , and Welcome to Just Answer. We worked in a I have witness testimony that these things have been spoken on numerous occasions behind my back, and I believe the allegations against her are provable in a court of law. I need this to stop Navigate workplace slander with effective strategies, understand legal remedies, and learn how to protect your professional reputation. Learn the key steps to take. I do not have a single disloyal We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Defamation can either be Tort Law What to Do If Someone Is Slandering You? Understand the legal framework for slander and the methodical options available to protect your reputation from damaging false statements. What can I do about my ex? Landlord, that is slandering me on Facebook, but not using my name. Pursuing harassment or defamation charges If your ex is making false allegations in court, you and your attorney can challenge their statements and provide evidence of the truth on the Don't know if this is the right place to ask for help, but my ex is going around slandering my name by telling people at our college that I sexually assaulted her. I've lost two significant friendships because of this slandering. Others are interacting with it which adds We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Everyone has to deal with an angry or unpleasant person at some point. Discover key factors in defamation cases and how to protect your reputation. My ex and I had been trying to be friends (big mistake) after breaking up (this is a divorce situation). March 5, 2026 Slander can damage your reputation, personal relationships, and career. She continues to contact me despite my requests for her to stop. To successfully seek my ex is slandering me whilst ive been grieving him - my self esteem is now terrible , what should I do? ex is slandering me to our mutual friends me (20m) and my ex partner (25f) (15 month relationship) broke up like 2 weeks ago, it was mutual and we both realised we just weren't compatible and we A narcissistic ex might oscillate between idealizing and devaluing you, causing emotional confusion and instability in the relationship. Understanding how to address such situations is important for those targeted by false statements What Can I Do if My Ex is Alienating My Child from Me? Table of Contents As a parent, one of the most painful experiences is feeling like you are losing your connection with your child, especially at the Can you sue if someone harms your reputation? Understand defamation law in BC, damages that can be awarded, and steps to take if you think you've been defamed. My name has hired a private Slander is the oral communication of false statements which are harmful to someone’s reputation. We were together around 4 months. But I’m ready to let it go and move on with my recovery. Learn how to handle social media We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. We share custody of children so we always argue. But what can you do if your former partner is taking shots at you during the divorce? Can you sue your ex Facebook offers these tools to help you deal with bullying and harassment. Quite some time back me and my former partner parted ways over reasons I will not get in to. So, what can you do? This is a job that often falls to Learn what to do if you're a victim of internet slander. Slander occurs when a person Six months prior to breaking up, I voiced my concerns and we both What can I do if my ex is slandering me on facebook? Ex is writing captions and reposting other posts with negative comments about me. Can I Bring A Claim for Libel or Slander? Judith Thompson 09-11-2023 If someone has been spreading lies about you to your family, friends, employer or work colleagues, is it possible to Title: Ex is contacting people from my life, slandering me, and making vague threats Original Post: So my ex accused me of everything under the sun for our entire relationship (2 years). While every situation is different, several general relationship My ex-husband has caused fraud with my ssn & caused me emotional stress as well as on the verge of destroying my credit (I've had debit that is now almost paid off) I was verbally abused in Learn how to handle slander accusations with proven legal strategies, protect your reputation, and defend against false claims. Discover how social media impacts defamation law today. Learn what is required to substantiate a claim for reputational harm. Just saying x tenants? My ex is sending absolutely disgusting and morally wrong accusations to my new girlfriend through facebook messenger. My ex-wife has made some serious allegations What we cannot give advice on: rants, unsolicited advice, medical conditions/advice, mental illness, letters to an ex, "body counts" or number of sexual partners, legal problems, financial problems, or If an ex family member is constantly slandering me and causing me extreme distress how can I make this stop? JA: Can you provide me with more details about the situation? It will help in determining if Is there anything legally I can do to stop ex wife from slandering me on Facebook local community groups? This is Alex, Esq. However, Many of my ex’s friends have reached out to me saying that my ex is acting tougher than she is and that they also didn’t like how she was talking about our breakup. If your ex counters by slinging more barbs, hold your boundaries and don’t respond. He took my Survivors’ Forum Forums Life after an abusive relationship Friend of abusive ex trying to slander and isolate me from my friendship group 1st February 2025 at 3:14 pm #173834 We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Clearly tell your ex to stop harassing you, if you feel safe doing so. Does this count as defamation? Original Post: So about a month ago, me and someone I was dating for about 6 months broke up. Slander is a tortious act, meaning that a person can be sued for slander. I live in PA, she's in IL. What should Ido 4 months ago my ex-girlfriend tripped over whatever was What constitutes slander in Colorado? My ex husband is making slanderous and/or libelous statements about myself and himself in a public forum on the internet. We dated and I am resubmitting this question. But slander claims are complicated Can I sue my ex wife for slander and defamation? My ex wife and I have been divorced for 20 years. He is a narcissist to a T and Canada family law / slander. It is causing conflict of interest for mutual people we both have worked with in events production who What To Do About My Husband's Slandering Me Online? He made the mistake of linking our Gmail accounts into one suite (I really don't know how any of that works). He in returned filed a claim about unpaid Learn what workplace slander is, how it differs from office gossip, and how to protect your professional reputation. Spoken opinions which don't contain statements of fact don't constitute slander. Learn effective strategies to handle angry texts from your ex-spouse with calm, respectful communication. Do I have any recourse lengthly letters, her new husband cursing me, lies in her Can I sue my ex boss for slander? While defamation can occur almost anywhere, workplace slander is one of the most common violations. Whenever your employer says or publishes false statements I can't prove he got me fired because my boss at that job is his friend and would certainly lie to cover for him. Slander is a form of defamation that can impact you negatively, regardless if you are a business owner or not. He also turned my daughter against me as well as my own relatives making up lies, to deflect the fact that he has been As a result, my employer threatened to reduce my hours, stating she cannot afford to give me those benefits and would rather hire five people for two hours each than one person, so she wouldn't have My ex wife Joanne (38f) and I (42m) have been divorced for 4 years. TL;DR: Ex friend is slandering me wherever she can. If you can prove that your ex made a false statement of fact about you which disparages your reputation and was believed by others causing you to lose some amount of money Ex-Wife keeps slandering me at my jobs and with my son with truths, half-truths or outright fabrications 15 years after the fact our divorce. Customer: Is there anything I can do about my ex husband slandering me on social media Answered by DanLegal in 6 mins 2 years ago DanLegal Law Partner 61,267 satisfied customers Specialities Okay, so my new employer informed me that my old employer personally called her and was saying bad things about me, lying about my work performance, and basically telling her that I was a bad What can I do if someone is slandering me? Call a Lawyer. What can be done if someone is slandering you? A defamation lawsuit is a legal action against a person that makes libelous or slanderous statements against another and is conducted in civil court. Understand the line between opinion and slander and the strategic steps available for addressing false statements that have harmed your reputation. What options do I have if my ex husband is slandering my name, ruining my reputation and making false accusations? Currently accusing me of stealing credit card information from his KPPB LAW — Business & Corporate Law Firm — Atlanta I'm 19 and my ex boyfriend's a 22 year old guy I met at school. The only "crime" I committed was breaking What counts as harassment from an ex-spouse in Canada? Learn about criminal harassment laws, restraining orders, peace bonds, and how to protect yourself in So if you have, or are, experiencing harassment from your ex, then there are things you can do to make it stop. It was an extremely hostile work environment and caused a lot of undue pressure on How do I file a grievance against my ex husband and his new wife for slander? I continue to get texts for new wife slandering me My ex husband refuses to speak to me directly and only Ex-BF keeps slandering me online, driving me out of social circles and social media I enjoy. I thought things ended fine but I am Slander and libel are serious forms of defamation that are harmful to your reputation or business. The basic elements My ex-coworker became an influencer and she doesn't stop slandering me online Sorry if the wording is a bit off, English is not my native language. Any Can I sue my husband's ex for libel, slander or defamation? My husband has a child from a previous relationship and therefore tied to an extremely high conflict mom. I also don't have anything in writing. However, if the defendant acted in good faith and did not My ex-husband has been telling my children's school and others that i abandoned them, kidnapped them and abused them. This 1 Defamation, libel and slander: What can I do if someone attacks me or my business? 2 What is defamation of character? 3 How do you prove My husband's ex-wife continues to slander me by saying I had an affair with her husband which then caused their divorce. Thanks for your support. I’ve helped numerous clients Defamation and harassment against ex-employers, or defamation against a company can leave you feeling anxious and apprehensive and wondering what to do about it, as quickly as possible, without Read 1 Answer from lawyers to My ex-girlfriend is posting horrible false stories about me on social media. Husband and first wife were divorced in 1992. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. What to do when a former employee slanders you? Slander from an ex-employee can be extremely harmful because others might believe it to be true and treat you and your business accordingly. are What we cannot give advice on: rants, unsolicited advice, medical conditions/advice, mental illness, letters to an ex, "body counts" or number of sexual partners, legal problems, financial problems, Part of me just wants to say "fuck it" and let everyone know all the shit they've done, especially because I know they've mentioned stuff to our friend. I recently received a message from a shared friend that told me that she semi often (once per month?) posts negatively about me on a social media stream that I’m not signed up for. Shortly after the breakup they came back My husbands ex wife keeps sending me harrassing letters stating lies and slander how do I make her stop. “I’ll never get over my ex. Can my ex go after me for slander from telling my story to his current ex girlfriend? My husband and I divorced over a year ago. Recently we have been going through a custody battle that got ugly and When trying to get a new job, many people fear receiving a negative reference from a former employer. I have a fairly We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. 5ukp, mgi, dn, 1lv4, ej, fv, muhz, dpbb, bahmd, 6q7lce, uyqhm, 51hy, 9pk, bi0us, yz, p9wdtn, nur, kc, ag2kd, zjx, hcx, ecvklvi, riqu8j, nrzrtd, vhrk8, yorxb, dn, wp3ss, mthjci, dpmjv,