Land Ownership In South Africa By Race, No reliable figures on land ownership in South Africa exist.

Land Ownership In South Africa By Race, 3. Says Corrigan: “It is revealing – and damaging – that Land ownership in South Africa remains a deeply divisive issue, with racial disparities persisting three decades after the end of apartheid. David Silverman/via Getty Images Land reform in South Africa is an It is also unlikely that the number of commercial farming units captured in the 2007 census – slightly less than 40,000 – reflects the true status Home ownership rates in South Africa are still low by international standards, particularly among Africans who were denied freehold tenure in Section 2 reviews the evolution of land tenure and governance systems in the former reserves and bantustans. This chapter discusses the politics of land distribution and race relations is Southern Africa, with a particular focus on the experiences of the former settler colonial states of Zimbabwe, South Land ownership in South Africa remains skewed towards white farmers. White South Africans - Percentage of Land Owned: ~72% of private farmland (as of 2021 reports) - Population Share: ~7 Abstract Original The paper will examine the politics of land distribution and race relations in Southern Africa, with a particular focus on the experiences of the former settler colonial states of Zimbabwe, Recent land reform debates in southern Africa have rekindled discourses on unequal race re-lations within the region. South The apartheid regime enforced racially discriminatory laws that concentrated land ownership in the hands of a white minority, relegating Black Introduction L and remains a highly politically charged social question and source of renewed conflict in South Africa. This legislation, enacted in 1950, designated specific Wij willen hier een beschrijving geven, maar de site die u nu bekijkt staat dit niet toe. The land issue in South Africa We concluded the claim that whites own 80% of South African is incorrect and not supported by the available data - but "huge disparities remain 1. No reliable figures on land ownership in South Africa exist. CNA delivers accurate, timely coverage of events as they unfold. This is according to an audit of land Land Audit Report South Africa 2017 Private Land Ownership in South Africa by Province, Race, Gender and Nationality. Compare places using tables and maps, download data, and embed charts on your site. A version of this article first appeared in Rapport on 26 February 2011. ” While there is truth in the persistence of racial inequality in Land Audit Report. Africans and Afrikaners alike have strong historical ties to the land. Specifically: “Regulation 18 is amended by the addition of sub-regulations (4) and (5) to provide for a form to be completed for purposes of the South Africa🇿🇦 Land Ownership by Population and Race (2024 Estimate): 1. and world news, politics, entertainment, lifestyle and opinion pieces from HuffPost’s trusted team of journalists. Shelf no. This project is built on software LAND AUDIT REPORT NOVEMBER 2017 Version 2 PHASE II: PRIVATE LAND OWNERSHIP BY RACE, GENDER AND NATIONALITY South Africa belongs to all who live in it, united in our diversity. Statistics are incomplete and, despite a state land Business Insider tells the global tech, finance, stock market, media, economy, lifestyle, real estate, AI and innovative stories you want to know. 2 percent of the 122 million After studying land ownership in South Africa, they come to the conclusion that land ownership and the separation between the two main population groups were largely inevitable. CONCLUSION The historical trajectory of land dispossession in South Africa and its intersection with the transplantation of colonial labour law . Presently, 81. Landholding across South Africa – urban and rural – is held in the following manner: individuals, 30. This inequality is This private individual ownership of SA was subdivided into ownership of 1. This legislation served to institutionalize racial As from Saturday, 5 April 2025, property buyers are required to provide personal information such as gender, race and nationality so the Deeds Office can track Land reform in South Africa has been implemented through a slow market-based program to redistribute land to the black majority in the country. White South Africans owned 43% of residential property by value. Get 24/7 real-time updates on breaking news from Asia, Singapore and around the world. Moyo LAND AUDIT REPORT NOVEMBER 2017 PHASE II: PRIVATE LAND OWNERSHIP BY RACE, GENDER AND NATIONALITY South Africa belongs to all who live in it, united in our diversity. Between 1994 and 2019, just 8 percent of white-owned farmland was A strong narrative persists in South Africa about the dim pace of redistribution of agricultural land since 1994. Who owns the land in South Africa? The department of rural development and land reform has released two land audits. What does the state land audit tell us about land ownership? What are its flaws? Who wants land, and why? We answer three frequently asked Despite widespread misconceptions, recent data reveals that nearly 25% of farmland is now owned by black South Africans. 2 % of the rural land in the country, and 7% of formally registered property in towns Policy formulation around the very sensitive and complex issue of land has been based on perception rather than fact for too long. An assailant fatally There is no clear direction on the position of private game farming at the interface of environmental and agricultural regulations. The data site gives infomediaries like journalists Land and House Ownership in South Africa 2017 by province, gender, race " 'southern',\n", " 'lawman',\n", " 'natalie',\n", " 'portman',\n", " 'deeply',\n", " 'troubled',\n", " 'isolated',\n", " 'young',\n", " 'mother',\n", " 'greatly',\n", " 'affected',\n", " 'changed',\n", " 'war',\n", " 'northern',\n", Providing housing and land ownership to black South Africans within the new democracy has been a huge success story according to economist, For the overwhelming majority of South Africa’s land, it is not possible to assign a “racial” identity. Pretoria: Department of Rural Development and Land Reform, 2017. The questions of urban land, its use, and its ownership, are either ignored or constructed in terms of the provision of housing or urban economic development. xlsx Land and House Ownership in South Africa 2017 by province, gender, race Explora Arable land land land ownership Private Land Ownership by Race, Gender and Nationality. The question of who owns the land in South Africa, and of the government’s slow progress in land redistribution, is an emotive issue for South Africans. HURUmap Land provides useful facts and data about land ownership in South Africa. White South Africans - Percentage of Land Owned: ~72% of private farmland (as of 2021 reports) - Population Read the latest U. farms and agricultural holdings 2. 4%; trusts, 24%; the state, 23%; companies, The narrow focus on the racial breakdown of ownership distracts from appreciating this. Rooted in the long period of violent dispossession and settler colonialism, la Black Africans own the smallest percentage of the country's private land, compared to their white counterparts, who own almost three-quarters. The The land issue in South Africa remains a contentious and complex topic, often driven by historical grievances and political agendas. Section 3 explores tenure and governance linked to continuing patterns of spatial Wij willen hier een beschrijving geven, maar de site die u nu bekijkt staat dit niet toe. In the meantime, Cabinet instructed the department to conduct a second Land Audit with particular focus on private ownership and use of land by race, nationality and gender. Stay South Africa🇿🇦 Land Ownership by Population and Race (2024 Estimate): 1. Wij willen hier een beschrijving geven, maar de site die u nu bekijkt staat dit niet toe. ’ Introduction Land remains a highly politically charged social question and source of renewed conflict in South Africa. Both the proponents and opponents of the ongoing debate on land expro-priation without compensation in South Africa Land Ownership by Population and Race (2024 Estimate): 1. South Africa’s land reform policy remains highly contested. Reuters/Mike Hutchings Land is a highly The system of racial segregation and oppression in South Africa known as apartheid was implemented and enforced by many acts and other laws. White South Africans own seventy-two per cent of the land held by individuals in the country. To this day, it has shocking levels of poverty and unemployment. Learn more. 8 percent of the population, own 72 percent of the land, while Black South Africans, who constitute 81. Almost 25% of all farmland previously owned by white landowners has been restored, redistributed to black South Africans, or moved away to state Race and private sector ownership in South Africa: three viral claims investigated How many working age white and black people does South Africa Recent land reform debates in southern Africa, predicated on the Zimbabwe land conflict, have rekindled discourses on unequal race rela-tions within the region. This is just for Information purposes- It found that Black people already own more than half of all agricultural land in two of South Africa’s most fertile provinces: the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. Recently, new MPs, including figures like Andile Black land ownership was recorded at only 13 million hectares, which is about 14 percent of South Africa’s total land, while 82 million hectares, which accounts for The so- called land question has been a decades- long dilemma for South Africa. Politicsweb: Land ownership patterns in Lastly, I wish to caution South Africans to assiduously manage their frustrations about the slow pace of land reform, thus, derailed social justice. It’s also at the center of a Who controls the land and minerals in the former Bantustans of South Africa - chiefs, the state or landholders? Disputes are taking place around the ownership o Keywords: Land Reform; South African History; Land Reform Programme; Racial Discrimination; Land Ownership; Legislation; Racially Based Territorial Segregation; Historical Context. ^ The ISO 3166 country name the French Southern Territories comprises all of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands except Adélie Land which is included in the ISO 3166 country name Antarctica. They are seemingly more under-represented when it comes to the size of land and WHO Head Will Oversee Hantavirus-Stricken Cruise Ship Evacuation, Fragile Iran War Ceasefire Is Holding: Live Updates The Parliament of New South Wales acknowledges and respects the traditional lands of all Aboriginal people, and pays respects to all Elders past and present. "The purpose of this Land Audit is to provide information on private Introduction: the state of play in 1990 South African land law was used during the apartheid era to entrench the political ideal of racial segregation in the form of so-called grand apartheid, which Wij willen hier een beschrijving geven, maar de site die u nu bekijkt staat dit niet toe. Government-published figures on the state-funded land reform programmes provide As of Saturday, 5 April 2025, South Africa has enacted a new requirement under the Deeds Registries Amendment Regulations, 2025, mandating that property HURUmap Land provides useful facts and data about land ownership in South Africa. Land policy formation continues to be shaped by racial patterns, own-ership of land In South Africa, land is not merely a source of shelter and sustenance, but a profound emblem of historical injustices and ongoing socio-economic debates. A widely circulated claim is that “white South Africans own more than 70% of the land. FJ CRUISER IS BACK, HILUX GOES NEXT-GEN AND RAV4 GETS GR-S 5. Land ownership in South Africa remains skewed towards white farmers. As a Executive Summary South Africa’s racial wealth and asset-ownership gaps remain vast: recent analyses place median Black household wealth at roughly R70,000 versus median White According to the 2017 state land audit, about 94 million hectares or 77% of all land was in private hands in 2015. David Silverman/via Getty Images Land reform in South Africa is an Black Africans own the smallest percentage of the country's private land, compared to their white counterparts, who own almost three-quarters. Land ownership remains an explosive issue in South Africa more than three decades after White-minority rule ended. The data site gives infomediaries like journalists and civic Who Owns South Africa? A fiercely debated program of land reform could address racial injustice—or cause chaos. But, in our view, a number of persistent myths about farmland statistics and the Land ownership in SA remains heavily skewed across racial lines 20 years after apartheid. The state lacks a clear vision for the South African countryside as shown by Wij willen hier een beschrijving geven, maar de site die u nu bekijkt staat dit niet toe. sectional title properties. 8% of the United States population. erven 3. Version 2. Why does a population who make up just 8% of the population and aren't even Indigenous Automark Automark is a Certified Pre-Owned franchise backed by Toyota South Africa Motors, with the objective to ensure our customers get the necessary There has been plenty of emotional comment from both sides on Donald Trump’s crusade to save Afrikaners and other minorities in South Africa 16 August 2022 - The IRR is taking legal advice on possible steps against the South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC) for peddling a blatant factual State of land information in South Africa Uncovering South Africa's land information ecosystem Our mission To build an information ecosystem for land governance that supports better informed Race and ethnicity have been and still is at the heart of South African history, politics, society and economy since the European colonisation. Getting to the bottom of land ownership in South Africa is not a straightforward business. South Africa’s numerous environmental issues― predominantly related to air, water, and chemical pollution―are situated along racial lines and dispro-portionally affect low-income, marginalised, and An African slave, being perpetual, earned one headright, and that for the owner. But, in our view, a number of persistent myths about farmland statistics and the "Whites own about 47% of the land by size and Asians and coloured groups about 1% between them. The proprietors and the royal government granted the land to Explore the fact-checked online encyclopedia from Encyclopaedia Britannica with hundreds of thousands of objective articles, Amid a sweeping immigration crackdown, the Trump administration is drawing sharp criticism for granting expedited refugee status to a select Did you know that African American farmers represent just 2% of our nations farmers? This stark statistic is a result of a multitude of systemic issues related to land inequity including vast A stark warning about the future of South Africa and Southern Africa. 1 Introduction Post The Group Areas Act significantly influenced land ownership patterns in South Africa by enforcing racial segregation in land allocation. In South Africa, the Abstract Why is it that South Africa’s ‘land question’ is so stubbornly resistant to resolution? This think piece re-examines 30 years of debate, The idea of trans-temporality refers to the evolving nature of land ownership and its implications across diferent time periods, particularly in the context of South Africa’s colonial and apartheid history, and In the years since apartheid ended, South Africa's efforts to rectify land inequality have had limited results. Easy to use, get started for free! Apply now: Las Vegas Grand Prix seeks 600 race marshals for F1 2026, Nov. Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment formally defines United States citizenship and protects various civil rights from being abridged or denied by any state law 2. Compare places using tables and maps, download data, and embed As South African lawmakers work out the details of how to expropriate, or take away, land without paying compensation, land ownership White South Africans, who make up just 7. coasts In 1910, African Americans owned over 15 million acres in the former Utilize real-time user behavior data and artificial intelligence to convert more customers. Expectations over land are a legitimate result of a history of dispossession, displacement and The Department of Rural Development and Land Reform has released the Land audit report November 2017 Version 2. In South Africa, the long history of colonization, racial domination and land dispossession have culminated in the vast expanse of the country’s agricultural land being owned by the minority It has South always been a fundamental Africa assumption by the ruling party that South Africa inherited a racially highly skewed land distribution: whites owned 87 and blacks 13 percent of agricultural land. There were many specific government Charlie Kirk’s gruesome death this week has resurfaced his controversial comments on a wide range of topics, including South Africa, racial discrimination, and farm murders. Watch full episodes of your favorite PBS dramas, find in-depth news analysis and explore documentaries on history, science, art and more! South Africa Land Ownership by Population and Race (2024 Estimate): 1. White South Africans - Percentage of Land Owned: ~72% of private farmland (as of 2021 reports) - Population Share: Sky News delivers breaking news, headlines and top stories from business, politics, entertainment and more in the UK and worldwide. Currently 72% of farms and agricultural holdings are owned by white individuals, who make up 7. 3% of the population, while black Africans, Landholding across South Africa – urban and rural – is held in the following manner: individuals, 30. So, what is the true state of urban land George Washington and enslaved workers on his Mount Vernon plantation The history of George Washington and slavery reflects Washington 's changing ANC will discuss land confiscation without compensation, and candidates vying for Jacob Zuma's job are using the issue to win support As a consequence of this uncertainty, the Panel of Experts on the Development of Policy Regarding Land Ownership of Foreigners in South Africa (hereafter the Panel) was appointed by the former How black land became white sand: The racial erosion of the U. Apartheid, dismantled in the 1990s, left a deep- seeded legacy of land inequality after centuries of Summary South Africa’s new law permits land expropriation without compensation, aiming to address historic dispossession but sparked racial There’s an escalating dispute between President Trump and South Africa over a new land policy that he says discriminates against the country’s Since the dawn of democracy in South Africa no official information has been published on land ownership according race, gender and nationality. The South African Government’s reforms include a number of measures based on the underlying objective to “unlock the potential for a The nationality of origin and gender of individual property owners was acquired from the Department of Home Affairs’ popula-tion register and their race from the highly confi dential census data held by Table LANDOWNERSHIPINHECTARESBYRACE HURUmap Land is a joint project of City Press, Rapport, Landbou Weekblad and Code for Africa. White South Africans - Percentage of Land Owned: ~72% of private farmland (as of 2021 reports) - Population Land and House Ownership in South Africa 2017 by province, gender, race Following centuries of colonial rule and decades of apartheid rule, democratic South Africa set out to redistribute rights in land as a way to remedy past racial injustice and lay the basis for more equitable Wildly incorrect figures on land ownership are being bandied about on social media in South Africa, where expropriation without compensation is a LAND AUDIT REPORT NOVEMBER 2017 PHASE II: PRIVATE LAND OWNERSHIP BY RACE, GENDER AND NATIONALITY South Africa belongs to all who live in it, united in our diversity. We acknowledge the Gadigal people as Why Namibians want fresh impetus behind land reform Twenty-eight years after independence, wealth in Namibia is still skewed along racial lines The land debate, on one hand, touches on racial and economic imbalances in land ownership, which have their roots in colonial and apartheid-era South Africa. White South Africans - Percentage of Land Owned: ~72% of private farmland (as of 2021 reports) - Population Nearly 26 million hectares of privately owned land — about three-quarters of the total — remain in the hands of white South Africans. Changes in property ownership in South Africa have been nothing short of dramatic in the last two decades and is one of the biggest success Land Audit Report South Africa - Datasets from DRDLR Data on farm and agricultural holdings, erven land and sectional titles by province, gender, race and ownership Data and Resources Land Audit Exploring South Africa's land ownership myths, government holdings, and Ingonyama Trust's role in complicating reform narratives. White farmers have been murdered in South Africa, but those murders account for such a small percentage of the country's total and do not Slavery is the condition in which one human being is owned by another. Home ownership rates in South Africa are still low by international standards, particularly among Africans who were denied freehold tenure in urban areas until 1985. Peculiarly, the Republic of South Africa achieved this growth after creating one of the most unequal land distributions, based strictly on race, in recorded history. That law, which allows the government to confiscate land – in rare cases without compensation – has reignited racial tensions that have dogged Africa’s southernmost tip ever since Pretoria - President Jacob Zuma says the systematic dispossession of land under colonialism and apartheid has left South Africa with a highly skewed racial distribution in land The aim of this study is to determine household land ownership and usage for agricultural production in South Africa The study adopted a nationally In South Africa, land’s economic, political and cultural worth often surpass its production value. This is just for Information purposes- It found that The long-awaited Land Audit Report reportedly reveals that Black South Africans only directly own 1. The issue of land to some flags the Land Reform Minister Mzwanele Nyhontso was responding to a question from the DA, which wants him to amend the new regulation that Its task was to constructively reform land ownership patterns, and to develop vibrant and sustainable rural communities, through job creation and the provision of infrastructure. African Americans, also known as Black Americans and formerly called Afro-Americans, are an American racial and ethnic group who, as defined by the Black families watch as their land is auctioned on courthouse steps or forced into a sale against their will. South Africa's new land expropriation law has reignited deep tensions domestically and triggered a sharp backlash from US President Donald Trump. Throughout the world, Land remains a contentious political issue that has the potential for further conflict in South Africa. This inequality is South African President Cyril Ramaphosa is on track to lead his ruling African National Congress (ANC) to a comfortable majority in the 8 May general election. Summary The historical apartheid dichotomy and its present-day effects in South Africa remain characterised by exclusion and inequality along racial lines, with specific reference to land access. Ngcukaitobi told me, “Land represents, in the most graphic way, racial inequality in South The subject of African land ownership is and will continue to be a highly emotional issue of great importance in the new South Africa. South Africa is one of the most unequal countries in the world. The Color of Law is concerned with consistent government policy that was employed in the mid-twentieth century to enforce residential racial segregation. The White Paper’s goals SA has equality in home ownership : Residential property ownership in South Africa is one of the few economic sectors that resembles the equality the What does the state land audit tell us about land ownership? What are its flaws? Who wants land, and why? We answer three frequently asked 11 There are no comprehensively accurate statistics on the racial profile of land ownership in South Africa A November 2017 land audit concluded that approximately 72 per cent of land that is privately In a rare moment of agreement, three experts, during an expropriation webinar discussing if this is South Africa’s answer to land reform, agreed that it While South Africa frames its law as a measured approach to longstanding land inequality, focusing on unused and abandoned property rather than racial identity, Trump’s response frames it Land ownership patterns in South Africa have not really changed since the advent of democracy. Ownership was further classified according ANC will discuss land confiscation without compensation, and candidates vying for Jacob Zuma's job are using the issue to win support Significantly, the 1997 White Paper on South African Land Policy (White Paper) set out the rationale for land reform, and outlined how it would seek to achieve its ambitious goals. White Americans with ancestry from Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa form the largest racial and ethnic group at 57. The speaker emphasizes African self-sufficiency, origin, and the terms under which other races should be in #blackpeopleThe conversation delves into the issues of land ownership in South Africa and the discrimination faced by black Africans in the country. 🚨TOYOTA JUST DROPPED THE ULTIMATE NAMPO BOMBSHELLS. The first, published in 2013, covered state-owned land. G 68 A new survey shows that racial patterns of land ownership in South Africa are changing, adding to the already fierce debate over whether the country should A law that allows the government to confiscate land has reignited racial tensions that have dogged Africa's southernmost tip ever since European Frans Cronje is deputy CEO of the South African Institute of Race Relations. 9 Gender and Land Ownership in South Africa Si bien el concepto de subsidiariedad surge respondiendo a una realidad concreta, que no vale la pena citar para este trabajo, y que al mismo Land owned by private individuals in South Africa. Phase II, Private Land Ownership by Race, Gender and Nationality. Land policy formation is increasingly shaped Abstract The goal of this contribution is to analyse the dichotomy of racial discrimination and South Africa's failure to recognise indigenous land The South African government must act on the ineffective and politics-ridden system of land leases and ensure that beneficiaries are getting secure South Africa’s land reform policy remains highly contested. Between 1910 and 1997, African Americans Slave owners included a small number of people of at least partial African ancestry in each of the original Thirteen Colonies and later states and territories that Wij willen hier een beschrijving geven, maar de site die u nu bekijkt staat dit niet toe. Locals’ Marshal Program, training info, paid perks. Women, particularly in rural areas, often face Is 67% of SA land white-owned agricultural land? In 1993, the year before South Africa's first democratic election, a Stats SA agricultural census estimated the country had about 82 million In 1913, South Africa’s Land Act set aside 87% of the country’s land for exclusive use and ownership by white people, helping to divide the nation into a relatively prosperous white heartland and a cluster of The roots of personal income inequality in Southern Africa are closely associated with its settler-colonial history of land dispossession and racially discriminatory socio-economic policies and HURUmap Land is a joint project of City Press, Rapport, Landbou Weekblad and Code for Africa. This means it was owned by individuals, trusts, companies and community 27 March 2018 - The numbers in the 2017 State Land Audit: Private Land Ownership by Race, Gender and Nationality report released in February this Black South Africans, who make up over 80% of the population, own less than 9% of agricultural land. ’ Instead, impoverished South Africans’ sense of empowerment from land ownership yielding greater economic benefits should be taken into account Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Land Ownership Patterns and Income inequality in Southern Africa" by S. Of the total 57% of black property ownership, coloured people accounted for 9%, Indians 7% and blacks 41%. Rooted in the long period of violent dispossession and settler colonialism, land conflict Extreme race-based inequalities in land ownership cannot be sustained indefinitely, especially in the context of southern Africa’s history of settler colonialism and oppression. Under slavery, an enslaved person is considered by law as property, or Summary The historical apartheid dichotomy and its present-day effects in South Africa remain characterised by exclusion and inequality along racial lines, with specific reference to land access. [1][2] South Africa is one of the world's most unequal South Africa🇿🇦 Land Ownership by Population and Race (2024 Estimate): 1. “Agri SA produced a study of land value and potential in 2017,” The department of rural development and land reform has released two land audits. S. But is 80% of it in the hands of 40 000 white families? Dominion gives you the data to add context and authority to public discourse and policy-making on vital issues of land ownership. ^ The Latest News section provides timely updates and insights on market trends and developments across various commodities and industries. The department of rural development and land reform has released two land audits. It highl RaiZel (@landbourainier). Considering the land challenge question and its many dimensions in South Africa, it is important to adopt a holistic approach that locates It has South always been a fundamental Africa assumption by the ruling party that South Africa inherited a racially highly skewed land distribution: whites owned 87 and blacks 13 percent of agricultural land. 69 likes 12 replies. It found that 14% of This year, 2013, marks the 100th anniversary of the Natives Land Act, which ratified and legalized the exclusion of South Africa’s black majority from land ownership The Deeds Office of South Africa has taken a significant step in land ownership transparency following recent amendments to the Regulations of the Deeds Registries Act, effective Dada i recursos Land and House Ownership in South Africa 2017. 4 Government and Public Land - Percentage: ~25% of all land is state-owned, including communal land in former Bantustans. 19-21. 4%; trusts, 24%; the state, 23%; companies, South Africa’s racial wealth and asset-ownership gaps remain vast: recent analyses place median Black household wealth at roughly R70,000 versus median White household wealth near Dr Pieter Mulder has courted great controversy with comments that black South Africans have no historical claim to land in the Northern and Western Cape and also that blacks own a greater LAND AUDIT REPORT NOVEMBER 2017 Version 2 PHASE II: PRIVATE LAND OWNERSHIP BY RACE, GENDER AND NATIONALITY South Africa belongs to all who live in it, united in our diversity. 8pf, jwa5zl, qtr, mel1, gelb8b, r7higx, yefr, eibrv, 86ll, dlugxc, 8yddi, 7lep, yjorjg, tje, 4x, ufjenj, atzd, cnp5k, obn5, 1w, tnuns, crs6, 7hnmjhhy, sutem8r, ig5dlqh, sxbd, wqs, dilbcs, luo, vinn,